Esophageal tumors are considered a rarity in present day diagnostic interpretations, however, a report from Alabama indicates that such tumors are by no means so rare as have been the indications. In a series of esophageal neoplasms found in dogs over a period of 3 years the esophageal worm, Spirocerca lupi, was found in each tumor. This may possibly indicate the etiological importance of the parasite.

Cesarean section in the mare may be indicated in pelvic fractures with exostosis, transverse dorsal or transverse rotated bicornual pregnancies and rupture of the prepubic tendon. In these conditions the dam may be sacrificed to save the life of the fetus, as successful cesarean sections are rare in the mare.