La enfermedad de la cola blanca es una enfermedad viral producida por el Nodavirus del Penaeus vannamei (Penaeus vannamei Nodavirus - PvNV). Esta enfermedad produce mortalidades variables en juveniles y sub-adultos, desarrollándose como una enfermedad progresiva de curso lento. Se desconoce el efecto de la enfermedad en estadíos larvales y en reproductores (camarones adultos). No se han asociado hasta la fecha, episodios de mortalidad súbita o de grandes pérdidas en fincas camaroneras afectadas por el virus

Current methods for evaluating bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccination response typically rely on measurement of humoral responses as determined by virus neutralizing antibody titers (VNT) against BVDV. While VNT are correlated with increased protection, research has also shown that cell mediated immunity (CMI) is an important component of a protective response against BVDV. For example, improved protection against BVDV by modified-live viral (MLV) vaccines as compared to killed vaccines is thought to be due to better CMI induced by the MLV. The goal of this work was to evaluate the cell mediated response in vaccinated calves using a novel PrimeFlow RNA assay that incorporates cell surface marker staining with intracellular RNA expression of cytokines and viral RNA detection. Results from this study evaluating mRNA for IFN-γ and IL-2 at 24 h post-BVDV stimulation are similar to previous studies in which IFN-γ was detected in the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell population. However, a novel observation was the detection of IFN-γ mRNA in the NK cell population in vaccinated animals. The NK cell population contributed a significant portion of the IFN-γ produced. This study also demonstrated a decrease in the frequency and amount of BVDV in PBMCs, harvested from vaccinated calves and exposed to BVDV in vitro. Collectively data from this study highlights the association between an increase in IFN-γ and a decreased infection rate of isolated PBMC’s, based on the frequency and amount of BVDV positive cells following in vitro exposure. This new method combines not only the ability to evaluate cellular responses, but also the ability to understand potential antiviral properties associated with cellular responses. This is the first assay to describe and simultaneously measure CMI responses and intracellular viral RNA quantity as a method to evaluate protective responses associated with vaccination.

Es una enfermedad producida por el virus del síndrome de las manchas blancas (white spot syndrome virus - WSSV), y produce alta mortalidad en postlarvas y camarones juveniles (puede ser cercana al 100% en pocos días); es de curso agudo y se transmite de forma horizontal o vertical (zooplancton, agua contaminada, sedimentos del fondo de los estanques, canibalismo y predación). Las manifestaciones de la enfermedad suelen aparecer durante los primeros 30-50 días de cultivo en los estanques de producción.

La Enfermedad de la Cabeza Amarilla (YHD) es una alteración sistémica de origen viral, cuyas lesiones involucran la mayoría de los órganos vitales del camarón.

Consiste un fenómeno natural, caracterizado por un aumento en la concentración de ciertas microalgas que forman parte del fitoplancton marino. Cuando se dan ciertas condiciones en el océano, se produce un aumento súbito de organismos fitoplanctónicos, fenómeno que se conoce como floración algal, florecimiento, "bloom" o explosión de poblaciones de microalgas, causando notables cambios en el color de la superficie del agua del mar, debido a la presencia de pigmentos en estos organismos. Dichos pigmentos pueden ser de color rojo, amarillo, verde o café; así mismo, pueden estar combinados dentro de la célula de la microalga, siendo la más frecuente la que produce una coloración rojiz

The objective of this study was to compare immunological responses and lymphoid depletion in young, colostrum deprived calves following administration of vaccines containing modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). A group of calves exposed to a typical virulence non-cytopathic (ncp) BVDV-2 field strain (ncp exposed) was included to compare responses of calves receiving vaccine to responses generated against a field strain (mimicking a natural infection). A negative control group administered a placebo was used in all comparisons. All vaccines used in the study were administered per manufacturer recommendations while ncp BVDV exposed calves received 5 ml intranasally (2.5 ml/nare; 4.2 × 106 TCID50/ml) of the BVDV-2 field strain. Samples collected at each time point included nasal swabs for virus detection, blood samples for complete blood counts and detection of viremia, PBMCs for flow cytometric analysis, serum for virus neutralization titers, and thymus tissue at necropsy for evaluation of lymphoid depletion. A measurable neutralizing BVDV titer was observed for all treatment groups excluding the control animals, which remained negative during the study period. Virus shedding was only detected from the ncp vaccinated and ncp exposed calves. A decline from baseline was observed for peripheral lymphocyte and CD4+ cells for the groups receiving the adjuvanted cytopathic (cp) vaccine, the double deleted genetically modified (ddGM) vaccine, the ncp vaccine and ncp exposed calves, but not for the control group or groups receiving cp vaccines. Thymus depletion was observed for the ncp vaccine and ncp exposed calves and to a lesser extent for the ddGM vaccine calves. Collectively, these data suggest that the virus biotype, method of attenuation, presentation, and use of adjuvant will influence vaccine impacts on lymphoid tissues and the immune response. As such, multiple variables should be considered when determining costs and benefits of vaccination.