Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture

Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture

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leopold

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URI

https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/99035

Publication Search Results

Now showing 1 - 7 of 7

Publication

A Review of Environmental Impacts of Cereal Grain Supply Chains

2023-01-30 , Larkin, Andrew , Schulte, Abigail , Rosentrater, Kurt , Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering , Food Science and Human Nutrition , Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture , Center for Crops Utilization Research

The global reliance upon cereal grains, not only for domestic consumption, but also for export in international markets continues to be critical to many countries’ economies. The ecological impacts of the various steps along the supply chain required to get product to the consumer, whether it be fuel, feed, or food, have significant environmental impacts. Ecological assessments have focused historically upon carbon footprints, but by considering other measures of life cycle assessments (LCA), we can come to a better understanding of the environmental significance that some of the most critical crops in our world have. The goal of this study was to compile environmental impact data from published literature and conduct synthesis to determine ecological trends. Published data was compiled and analyzed to determine where critical environmental shortcomings were in the cereal grain industry. Analysis of these data will enable recommendations to be made concerning the weaker spots in supply chains (i.e., more environmentally impactful). In addition, by expanding the geographic locations to an international scale, this study will allow for environmental impacts to be assessed based on various approaches found across the globe. As long as our world continues to place significant emphasis on cereal grains as foundations for societies, we need to better understand the ramifications of these critical crops' ecological impacts and how best to address them.

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Publication

Effect of Grain Moisture Content and Roller Mill Gap Size on Various Physical Properties of Yellow Dent Corn Flour

2022-02-14 , Noor Intan Shafinas, Muhammad , Bernard, Darfour , Nazira, Mahmud , Rosentrater, Kurt , Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering , Food Science and Human Nutrition , Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture , Center for Crops Utilization Research

Corn has six main varieties grown globally for animal feed, human consumption, and commercial/industrial purposes. Flour is an end-product of corn dry-milling. Products that are derived from corn flour often show differences in physical, chemical, and pasting properties due to corn varietal differences, milling methods, differences in flour particle sizes, and drying temperatures. The study aimed to determine the effect of different moisture contents of yellow dent corn and roller gap sizes, on the physical properties of the resulting corn flour. The possibility to use the flour in the manufacturing of animal feed and ethanol production was also considered. Yellow dent corn grain with moisture contents (MC) of 8%, 14.0%, and 18%, and roller gap sizes (GAP) of 0.1016 mm, 0.2032 mm, and 0.3048 mm were used. The Witt corrugated roller mill equipment with rollers of 1/32 inches corrugations was used to produce fine grits and flours. The particle sizes obtained were between 0.54 mm and 0.75 mm which increased with an increase in MC and GAP. Grain with 8% MC and GAP of 0.1016 mm and 0.2032 mm, and grain with 14.0% MC and GAP of 0.1016 mm can produce flour of particle sizes good for swine feed. Grain with 8% MC and GAP of 0.3048 mm and grain with 14.0.0% MC and GAP of 0.1016 mm and 0.2032 mm can produce flour of particle sizes good for ruminant feed. Grain with 18% MC and GAP of 0.1016 mm, and grain with 14.0% MC and GAP of 0.2032 mm can produce flour of particle sizes good for poultry feed. GAP of 0.1016 mm and 8% MC can produce flour of particle sizes suitable for the ethanol production industry. Flour preparation should purposely be done based on grain MC and GAP. The geometric mean diameter of particle sizes ranged from 0.54 mm-0.75 mm, and the geometric mean diameter of particle sizes increased with increasing MC and GAP. Also, grains with 8% MC had the highest loss in flour, and the higher moisture of 18% significantly affected the red color of flour.

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Publication

Iowa Climate Statement 2021: Strengthening Iowa’s Electric Infrastructure

2021-10 , Takle, Eugene , McCalley, James , Biederman, Lori , Birt, Diane , Dobson, Ian , Gallus, William , Glatz, Charles , Gutowski, William , Hall, Steven , Heindel, Theodore , Michael, James , Nilsen-Hamilton, Marit , Passalacqua, Alberto , Passe, Ulrike , Peters, Reuben , Peterson, David , Raich, James , Rongerude, Jane , Roth, James , Russell, Ann , Ryan, Sarah , Shelley, Mack , Swenson, David , Thompson, Grant , Wanamaker, Alan , Zarecor, Kimberly , Johnson, Ben W. , Kimber, Anne , Kirschenmann, Frederick , Klaas, Erwin , Liebman, Matt , Merrick, Laura C. , Michael, James , Moore, Kenneth J. , Nair, Ajay , Nilsen-Hamilton, Marit , Passalacqua, Alberto , Passe, Ulrike , Pease, James L. , Peters, Reuben J. , Peterson, David A. M. , Raich, James W. , Rasmussen, Mark , Rongerude, Jane , Russell, Ann E. , Ryan, Sarah M. , Shelley, Mack , Simpkins, William W. , Summerfelt, Robert C. , Swenson, David A. , Thompson, Grant L. , Wanamaker, Alan D. , Wang, Yu , Wormley, Sam , Zarecor, Kimberly E. , et al. , Agronomy , Electrical and Computer Engineering , Veterinary Clinical Sciences , Psychology , Horticulture , Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology , Food Science and Human Nutrition , Mathematics , Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine , Geological and Atmospheric Sciences , Chemical and Biological Engineering , Plant Pathology and Microbiology , Mechanical Engineering , Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture , Natural Resource Ecology and Management , Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology , Architecture , Political Science , Community and Regional Planning , Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering , Statistics , School of Education , Economics , Ames Laboratory , Institute for Physical Research and Technology , Center for Nondestructive Evaluation

Climate change is powerfully upon us.1 In the Midwest it has increased the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation, floods, droughts, and extreme heat,2,3,4 all of which create environments that threaten grid reliability and resilience at a time when increasing electrification will make infrastructure performance ever more critical.

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Publication

Extraction Methods of Oils and Phytochemicals from Seeds and Their Environmental and Economic Impacts

2021-10-16 , Lavenburg, Valerie M. , Jung, Stephanie , Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering , Food Science and Human Nutrition , Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture , Center for Crops Utilization Research , Biorenewable Resources and Technology , Environmental Science

Over recent years, the food industry has striven to reduce waste, mostly because of rising awareness of the detrimental environmental impacts of food waste. While the edible oils market (mostly represented by soybean oil) is forecasted to reach 632 million tons by 2022, there is increasing interest to produce non-soybean, plant-based oils including, but not limited to, coconut, flaxseed and hemp seed. Expeller pressing and organic solvent extractions are common methods for oil extraction in the food industry. However, these two methods come with some concerns, such as lower yields for expeller pressing and environmental concerns for organic solvents. Meanwhile, supercritical CO2 and enzyme-assisted extractions are recognized as green alternatives, but their practicality and economic feasibility are questioned. Finding the right balance between oil extraction and phytochemical yields and environmental and economic impacts is challenging. This review explores the advantages and disadvantages of various extraction methods from an economic, environmental and practical standpoint. The novelty of this work is how it emphasizes the valorization of seed by-products, as well as the discussion on life cycle, environmental and techno-economic analyses of oil extraction methods.

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Publication

Growth, body composition, and survival of juvenile white bass (Morone chrysops) when dietary fish meal is partially or totally replaced by soybean meal, poultry by-product meal, an all-plant protein blend or a commercial plant-animal protein blend

2022-10 , Rawles, Steven D. , Fuller, Adam , Green, Bartholomew W. , Abernathy, Jason W. , Straus, David L. , Deshotel, Michael B. , McEntire, Matthew E. , Huskey, George , Rosentrater, Kurt , Beck, Benjamin H. , Webster, Carl D. , Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering , Food Science and Human Nutrition , Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture , Center for Crops Utilization Research

White bass (Morone chrysops) is a popular sportfish throughout the southern United States, and one parent of the commercially successful hybrid striped bass (M. chrysops ♂ x M. saxatilis ♀; HSB). Commercial production of white bass does not currently exist in the U.S. due to a lack of information regarding nutritional requirements and cost-effective diets as well as high production costs. Currently, white bass are cultured using diets formulated for other carnivorous fish that contain a significant percentage of marine fish meal (FM). We evaluated growth, survival, and body composition of white bass fed diets in which FM was replaced by various protein ingredients including soybean meal (SBM), poultry by-product meal (PBM), a combination of SBM, canola meal, and soy protein concentrate, or a commercial protein blend (Pro-Cision™). Six isonitrogenous (40% protein), isolipidic (11%), and isocaloric (17.1 kJ/g) diets were formulated using nutrient availability data for most of the dietary ingredients. Fish (40.2 ± 1.83 g) were stocked into a flow-through (2 L/min) culture system (3 tanks/diet; 10 fish/tank) and fed the test diets twice daily (7 d/wk) to satiation for 60-d. Test diets that replaced FM with various percentages of SBM and PBM resulted in similar performance as fish fed the control diet containing 30% FM. Fish fed the all-plant diet or the diet in which the commercial blend replaced FM resulted in reduced growth performance. Diet performance rankings based on response measures along with differences in essential amino acids and feed intake provided some insight into differences in diet performance. White bass can be fed fish meal-free diets without significantly reducing growth; however, replacement of FM exclusively with plant protein or commercial protein blends may need further study to ensure sufficient intake and performance. Limiting amino acid balance will also need to be addressed in future FM replacement trials with white bass.

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Publication

Pellet Quality of Corn-Based DDGS

2021 , Ma, Mingjun , Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering , Food Science and Human Nutrition , Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture , Biorenewable Resources and Technology , Environmental Science , Center for Crops Utilization Research

The rapid growth of corn-based dry grind ethanol plants over the past decade in the US has resulted in a great increase in production of the coproduct DDGS (distillers dried grains with solubles). Since some physical properties like low bulk density and poor flowability can impact the market potential of DDGS, pelleting of DDGS can be one of the easiest ways to improve this situation. Pellet quality is the focus of this project. The pelleting process was conducted with three initial DDGS moisture contents and two different dies; a total of six runs were complete d to produce DDGS pellets. The physical qualities of pelleted DDGS were determined by measuring durability bulk density angle of repose and color of the pellets. The results showed that the durability ranged from 42% to 89%, the highest pellet durability occurred when the moisture c ontent was 20% db and the die diameter was 1/8 in. The bulk density increased when the DDGS moisture content decreased, and the highest bulk density was observed when the moisture content was 10% db and the die diameter was 1/8 in

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Publication

Toward an Understanding of Physical and Biological Properties of Corn-Based Whole Stillage, Thin Stillage, and Condensed Distillers Solubles and Changes Thereof During Storage

2021-10-08 , Rosentrater, Kurt , Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering , Food Science and Human Nutrition , Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture , Center for Crops Utilization Research

The production of bio-based ethanol has been one of the fastest growing industries in the United States during the past decade. Thus, wider exploration of ethanol coproduct uses is necessary in the ethanol plant. Currently, process steams such as whole stillage, thin stillage, and syrup are processed into distiller dried grains with solubles and fed to livestock. The storability of whole stillage, thin stillage, and syrup influences the economic and energetic balances of fuel ethanol production. However, there are few investigations of the shelf life for these products or how to measure these quantities. The objectives of this research were to test physical and biological properties of whole stillage, thin stillage, and syrup and determine storability and allowable shelf life for these materials as influenced by storage temperature levels. Using standard laboratory methods, several properties were determined, including moisture content, water activity, thermal properties (conductivity, resistivity, volumetric heat capacity, and diffusivity), color, mold development, and CO2 production. Also, the separation processes due to settling were observed over 72 h. The thin stillage and whole stillage had relative high average moisture contents of 92% (w.b.) and 87% (w.b.), respectively, and a mean water activity of 0.99; the high water content marked samples easily susceptible to rapid spoilage. Time had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on properties of coproducts. Both thin stillage and whole stillage samples got mold growth after 5 days incubation at 32°C. Thin stillage had the greatest separation rate in the settling experiment. However, syrup had a relative low average moisture content of 62% and an average water activity of 0.92. No mold growth and settling separation happened in syrup samples. There was no evidence showing that a linear relationship exists between Hunter L*, a* and b*, and mold growth. The Solvita® test showed that high-temperature treatment caused high CO2 production in all samples. The exponential models described the relationship between storage time (from 0 to 5 days at 25 and 35°C) and CO2 concentration for the three coproducts. This study is a first step to explore opportunities for utilizing valuable components from these coproducts. Follow-up study should work on separation processes to concentrate the valuable components of these coproducts. Exploring the potential value of ethanol coproducts could maintain and improve the profitability of the ethanol industry.

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