The integration of direct detection methodologies and digital pathology in veterinary diagnostics and research

Abstract

The integration of technology into the field of veterinary pathology has equipped the profession with many tools to continue the research and diagnostic work that is of significant value to animal agriculture, companion animal health, and laboratory research. One of the most impactful introductions has been digital pathology, the use of whole slide imaging to view glass slides with a monitor instead of a microscope. Close behind are direct detection capabilities to visualize the presence of specific nucleic acids while preserving microscopic specimen integrity, such as RNAscope™ in-situ Hybridization. Quantitative image analysis software has merged digital pathology and these assays and paved the way for unbiased assessment of biomarkers and other tissue characteristics. A literature review expounding on these topics effectively communicates the way both have been integrated into the diagnostic and research duties of a veterinary pathologist. Image analysis software and ISH were combined to form a powerful tool that was used to assess the complex T cell response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in a vaccine study exploring the efficacy of a carbopol adjuvant. The findings indicated that this approach to vaccine assessment has merit, and should be refined for further implementation. Another study demonstrates the diagnostic workflow involved with discovering an unknown variant virus causing respiratory disease in goats. This study culminates in the use of in-situ Hybridization to localize viral genetic material in the tracheitis lesion seen on initial examination, effectively implicating the novel pathogen in the development of disease. Considered as a whole, this thesis represents the way forward for diagnostic pathology: using technical innovations to innovate, discover, and diagnose.