Aquatic Vaccines: How They Are Developed and Why They Are Necessary

Abstract

Aquatic vaccines are commonly used in aquaculture to protect aquatic livestock against bacteria, parasites, and viruses that may cause disease. There are several types of aquatic vaccines, including inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, subunit vaccines, and recombinant live vector vaccines. There are a few ways these vaccines can be administered, including injection administration, immersion administration, and oral administration. Currently, aquatic vaccines are necessary to protect aquatic livestock from disease and decrease the use of antibiotics.