Three extensions or applications of downward comparison processes were investigated in the current study: the impact of downward comparison on affect and subjective well-being; the role of downward comparison processes in the development and maintenance of perceptions of vulnerability to negative events: and attitude change as a form of (indirect) downward comparison. Female subjects were selected to participate in a simulated discussion group on the basis of their global self-esteem levels and their use of effective contraceptive methods. Half of these participants received information about a comparison target who was using an ineffective contraceptive method (a downward comparison target) whereas the remaining individuals received no such information. Results revealed significant mood improvement in low self-esteem, downward comparison subjects. No additional predicted interactions proved significant. Implications concerning the influence of threat on individual differences in downward comparison, the theoretical importance of indirect downward comparison, and the role of downward comparison in enhancing perceptions of invulnerability were discussed.