The interaction of two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, with Cry protein production and predation by Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) in Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab cotton and Cry1F maize

Abstract

<p>Crops producing insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins from the bacterium, <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em>(Bt), are an important tool for managing lepidopteran pests on cotton and maize. However, the effects of these Bt crops on non-target organisms, especially natural enemies that provide biological control services, are required to be addressed in an environmental risk assessment. <em>Amblyseius andersoni</em> (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is a cosmopolitan predator of the two-spotted spider mite, <em>Tetranychus urticae</em> (Acari: Tetranychidae), a significant pest of cotton and maize. Tri-trophic studies were conducted to assess the potential effects of Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab cotton and Cry1F maize on life history parameters (survival rate, development time, fecundity and egg hatching rate) of <em>A. andersoni.</em> We confirmed that these Bt crops have no effects on the biology of <em>T. urticae</em> and, in turn, that there were no differences in any of the life history parameters of <em>A. andersoni</em> when it fed on <em>T. urticae</em> feeding on Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab or non-Bt cotton and Cry1F or non-Bt maize. Use of a susceptible insect assay demonstrated that <em>T. urticae</em> contained biologically active Cry proteins. Cry proteins concentrations declined greatly as they moved from plants to herbivores to predators and protein concentration did not appear to be related to mite density. Free-choice experiments revealed that <em>A. andersoni</em> had no preference for Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab cotton or Cry1F maize-reared <em>T. urticae</em> compared with those reared on non-Bt cotton or maize. Collectively these results provide strong evidence that these crops can complement other integrated pest management tactics including biological control.</p>