Absence of bactericidal effect of focused shock waves on an in-vitro biofilm model of an implant

Abstract

<p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal effect of shock waves (SWs) on gram-negative or gram-positive monocultured biofilms grown on an orthopedic implant in vitro. Cortical bone screws were individually cultured with <em>Escherichia coli</em> or <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em> to produce a biofilm. In each run of 8 screws, 6 screws were treated with shock waves and then sonicated to disrupt the biofilm. One screw was sonicated only and one was not shock waved or sonicated before sampling for plate count dilutions. Post-treatment serial dilutions and plate counts were done on an aliquot from the vial containing each screw to obtain the number of colony-forming units (CFUs). Shock waves were at a constant energy of 0.15 mJ/mm2. Pulse number and screw orientation were varied. A linear mixed-effects model was used with “treatment” as a fixed effect and “run” as a random effect. Pairwise comparisons of treatments were performed with Tukey-Cramer’s adjustment for <em>P</em>-values. Sonicated plate counts were greater than nonsonicated counts for each run. When all sonicated screws were compared to all nonsonicated screws, the counts were significantly increased (<em>P</em> = 0.0091). For each paired comparison between sonicated and shock wave treatment, the only significant difference was in the <em>S. epidermidis</em> biofilm treated at 2000 pulses in a horizontal position, which increased the post-treatment count (<em>P</em> = 0.0445). No bactericidal effects were seen on monocultured biofilms on cortical bone screws treated with shock waves.</p>